Warrantless Interception Without Privacy Safeguards

Subsection (4)(c) permits network operators to intercept communications "in compliance with an executive instrument issued by the President" without requiring judicial warrants, necessity tests, or independent oversight. This bypasses the judicial authorization standard required by international privacy law (ECHR Article 8, ICCPR Article 17). The provision lacks fundamental privacy safeguards: no data minimization requirements, no limits on retention or use of intercepted data, no notification to affected individuals, and no remedies for unlawful interception. Combined with the warrantless entry powers in 52, this creates legal infrastructure for surveillance without the privacy protections standard in democratic societies.